Derrick West Coast Natives News (Canada) 25 June 2013
1) So you say you didn't steal our land. Okay. Well first off ...
ARE YOU SURE?
Did you buy a piece of land, or do you live on a piece of land in an area where there is not even a Treaty in place supposedly ceding land? Like pretty much all of British Columbia, vast areas in the North, and most of everything east of Ontario? If you're not sure, take a look at this map of the numbered Treaties ... the only 'historical' treaties that even mention land at all
Are you living on, or did you buy a piece of land in one of the many areas where those Treaties were breached, and promised allotments of reserve lands were never delivered, or were taken without compensation and without consent? That's a little harder to show you on a map, but we're talking thousands of square kilometres of lands which have been, or are still to be, the subject of specific land claims against the government of Canada. Lands are STILL being taken from reserve allotments without consent in a process that has never ceased since the numbered Treaties were signed, so I'm not talking ancient history here.
If you have bought land in these areas, or are living on them, then AT BEST you can claim innocence only to the extent that you purchased 'stolen goods', and that you yourself were not the original thief. Except that doesn't play out in the settler judicial system very well, since knowingly possessing stolen goods gets you in hot water too.
2) So you say you didn't steal our resources.
ARE YOU SURE?
The Treaties talk about allowing settlers the use of land to the depth that can be reached by a plough. If you are benefiting from the extraction of resources under those lands, you are benefiting from theft. I'm looking at you, Albertans ... and everyone who receives transfer payments in their own province from Alberta ... .I'm looking at all the people living in provinces and territories where gold, diamonds and other minerals are being extracted to the tune of billions of dollars a year.
Don't fool yourself. Canada's primary resources are what have always fuelled this nation, from the fur trade, to lumber, to fishing, to mining and oil. Farming doesn't keep Ottawa in new shoes, and our manufacturing sector is a joke. Canada runs on primary resource extraction and all the service industries that exist as a result of the need to 'service' the people in those sectors. Without the primary resources from our lands, those unceded, and those supposedly ceded (I'm being generous here, using the Canadian interpretation of the numbered Treaties despite that being bollocks), Canada would be a third-world backwater.
Whether you work in these industries yourself, or are employed because there is enough money from these industries to make your job necessary, you are doing so on our backs. This isn't historic, this is contemporary.
3) So you aren't oppressing indigenous peoples in Canada?
ARE YOU SURE?
If you aren't doing anything about the situation, merely profiting from it, that's a choice. It is not value neutral. Settlers benefit from the systemic racism which continues to deprive indigenous people in Canada from accessing their lands, their resources, and their culture, as well as denying them any real place in the body politic or in the economy itself.
Whether you are actively promoting the continued theft of our lands and resources, the destruction of our cultures (and don't worry, there are plenty of people actively engaged in this right now to banish all worries that this is some long lost practice best forgotten), or you are merely passively letting it happen because you agree with it, or you didn't know any better ...
Then you are involved. You. Right now. Not your long dead ancestors. You. Whether you came here last week, or your family arrived in the 1700s.
You live in a "First World" nation because you live off the largess of First Nation's land and resources.
You didn't do any of that stuff? It wasn't you, personally?
Numbered Treaties | Signed On | Location | Major Treaty Signers | Those Effected | Brief Summary |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treaty 1 | 3 August 1871 | Lower Fort Gary, Fort Alexander | Adams Archibald (Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba), Wemyss Simpson (Indian Commissioner) | Chippewa Tribe, Swampy Cree Tribe, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive: Limited reserve land and monetary compensation, farming tools, education.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; promise of peace, law, and order, and restricted alcohol use on reserves |
Treaty 2 | 21 August 1871 | Manitoba Post | Adams Archibald (Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba), Wemyss Simpson (Indian Commissioner) | Chippewa Tribe of Indians, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive: Limited reserve land and monetary compensation; farming tools; education.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; promise of peace, law, and order, and restricted alcohol use on reserves |
Treaty 3 | 3 October 1873 | North-West Angle of the Lake of the Woods | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), S.J Dawson (Indian Commissioner) | The Saulteaux Tribe of the Ojibbeway Indians and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing, and restricted alcohol use on reserves |
Treaty 4 | 15 September 1874 | Fort Qu'Appelle, Fort Ellice, Swan Lake, Fort Pelly, Fort Walsh | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), William J. Christie (Indian Commissioner) | The Cree and Saulteaux Tribes of Indians, and all Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gunpowder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling $750/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing, and restricted alcohol use on reserves. |
Treaty 5 | 20 September 1875 (adhesions in February 1889) | Beren's River, Norway House, Grand Rapids | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), James McKay (Indian Commissioner) | The Saulteaux and Swampy Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive: Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gunpowder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling $300/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves when desired by First Nations, and deemed appropriate by Canada.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; and full control of schooling on reserves. |
Treaty 6 | 28 August 1876 (adhesion 9 September 1876, and February 1889) | Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt | Alexander Morris (Lieutenant Governor), James McKay (Indian Commissioner), William J. Christie (Indian Commissioner) | The Plain and Wood Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for gunpowder, shot, bale, and fishing net twine totalling $1500/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; schools on reserves when desired by First Nations, and deemed appropriate by Canada; medicine chest clause is implemented; additional assistance is available for pestilence or famine relief
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; control of healthcare on reserves through the medicine chest initiative. |
Treaty 7 | 22 September 1877 | "Blackfoot Crossing" of the Bow River, Fort McLeod | David Laird (Government Official), James F. MacLeod (Indian Commissioner), | The Blackfoot, Blood, Piegan, Sarcee, Stony, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunitition totalling $2000/year; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; have right to build and maintain infrastructure on reserves; salary is allocated to hire a school teacher for reserve school.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves. |
Treaty 8 | 8 July 1899 (adhesions until 1901) | Lesser Slave Lake, Peace River Landing, Vermillion, Fond du Lac, Dunvegan, Fort Chipewyan, Smiths Landing, Fort McMurray, Wapiscow Lake | David Laird (Treaty Commissioner), J.H. Ross (Treaty Commissioner), J.A.J McKenna (Treaty Commissioner) | The Cree, Beaver, Chipewyan, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunition and fishing net twine totalling $1 per family head; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; money is set aside to hire school teachers as needed.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; ability to buy and sell Aboriginal land with their consent. |
Treaty 9 | 6 November 1905 | Osnaburg, Fort Hope, Marten Falls, Fort Albany, Moose Factory, New Post, Abitibi, Matachewan, Mattagami, Flying Post, New Brunswick House, Long Lake | Duncan Campbell Scott (Treaty Commissioner), Samuel Stewart (Treaty Commissioner), Daniel G. MacMartin | The Ojibway, Cree, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; monetary allowance for ammunition and fishing net twine totalling $1 per family head; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; funds to hire teachers, construct schools, and purchase supplies are available, but with Canada's authorization.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; full control funds for education. |
Treaty 10 | 7 November 1906 | Isle à la Crosse, Lac du Brochet | J.A.J McKenna (Treaty Commissioner) | The Chipewyan, Cree, and all other Indians inhabiting the district hereafter. | First Nations Receive:Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; unspecified amount of ammunition and twine distributed as government sees fit; provision for childhood education; furnishings for agricultural assistance
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; control of the allocation of ammunition and fishing twine, and the distribution of agricultural assistance. |
Treaty 11 | 27 June 1921 until 22 August 1921 | Northwest Territories Providence, Simpson, Wrigley, Norman, Good Hope, Arctic Red River, McPherson, Liard, Rae | Duncan Campbell Scott (Governor General/Major Signer), Henry Anthony Conroy (Indian Commissioner) | The Slave, Dogrib, Loucheux, Hare, and other Indians, inhabitants of the territory within the limits hereinafter | First Nations Receive: Limited reserve land, and monetary compensation; farming tools; right to hunt and fish on succeeded land except that already used by Canada for resource extraction or settlement; provision for childhood education; furnishings for agricultural assistance; have right to build and maintain infrastructure on reserves; provision for childhood education; each family receives $50 annually for fishing twine and trapping; distribution of agricultural assistance possible.
Canada Obtains: Land rights; protection for land used for resource extraction or settlement from indigenous hunting/fishing; restricted alcohol use on reserves; ability to buy and sell Aboriginal land with permission; control of the allocation of ammunition and fishing twine, and the distribution of agricultural assistance. |