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A different mode of war - References

Aboriginal 'guerilla tactics' in defining the 'Black War' of south-eastern Queensland 1843-1855

A paper presented at 2014 AHA Conference, University of Queensland, Brisbane

Ray Kerkhove, PhD

References

1 Peter Sutton, Stories about feeling: Dutch-Australian Contact in Cape York Penninsula, 1606-1756, in Peter Veth, Peter Sutton & Margo Neale, Strangers on the Shore: Early Coastal Contacts in Australia Canberra; National Museum of Australia, 2008.
 
2 Arthur Laurie, The Black War in Queensland (mss Fryer Library, Brisbane, c.1959).

3 Nehemiah Bartley,Australian Pioneers & Reminiscences, Brisbane: Gordon & Gotch, 1896, 167''

4 John Connor, 2004, ‘The Tasmanian Frontier and Military History',  Tasmanian Historical Studies, vol. 9, 89

5 John Connor, 2002, The Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1838 Sydney: UNSW : 103

6 See the stories of Tudor Ejai and Albert Baranga in Luise Hercus & Peter Sutton, This is What Happened: Historical narratives by Aborigines Canberra: AIAS, 1986, 146f, 165f.

7 For instance, in the Albert River district, certain members of the local group developed a grudge against a party of sawyers because the latter neither employed them nor allowed them access to a boat to enable them to find their own food. On this grounds they decided to kill the little group: ‘The Sketcher - Early Days on the Tweed. Some Errors about the Blacks’..The Queenslander,1 September 1894 p 410.

8 H Reynolds, The Black War, 1984, p 2

9 Keith Vincent Smith,Mari Nawi – Aboriginal Odysseys Rosenberg Dural 2010, 64

10 The Aborigines of Australia No XIV The Rising of 1842-4, Empire (Sydney) 15 April 1854 p 3

11 The History of the Moreton Bay Settlement. [THE subjoined sketch of the early history of the Moreton Bay settlement was published in the first edition of Pugh's Queensland Almanac]..The Brisbane Courier 23 December 1869 p 6 

12 A J McConnel, ‘On Blacks’ MSS 89/206, Fryer Library

13 A J McConnel, Some Old Stations No 2 Brisbane Courier, 30 Jan 1932 p 19

14 H J Summer, 100 Years Of History In Newstead House Quadrilles—and A Snake In Vice-Regal Bed, The Courier-Mail 14 December 1946 p 2; Firmin McKinnon, Early Pioneers of the Wide Bay and Burnett, Read at a meeting of the Historical Society of Queensland, on June 27, 1933), 90-97 https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv/UQ:207886/s18378366_1940_3_2_90.pdf

15 Timothy Bottoms, Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland’s Frontier Killing Times London: Allen & Unwin, 2013: 25

16 T A Darragh & Roderick J Fensham (eds), The Leichhardt diaries Early Travels in Australia during 1842-1844, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Culture Vol 7 (1) Brisbane 2013, 30 July 1843, p. 266.

17 Spring Hill – an Historic Suburb – Growth from Early Days, Courier Mail,2 Aug 1930 p 21

18 Early Brisbane in the Fifties and Sixties – an Interesting Reminiscence, Brisbane Courier 18 January 1919: 12.

19 J.J. Knight,.’The Sketcher: In the Early Days – LIII: The Birth and Growth of Brisbane and Environs – Events in Chronological Order from Discovery to Separation , The Queenslander, 17 Dec 1892, p1171

20 N. Bartley, ‘Blackfellow Criminals,’ The Queenslander (Brisbane),  11 June 1892 p. 1130

21 Aboriginal Murderer – The Story of Dundalli, The Central Queensland Herald (Rockhampton,)  15 September 1932: 28

22 - Moreton Bay, The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 August 1855, p.2.

23 Moreton Bay, Northern Times (Newcastle) 5 May 1858 p 2

24 Henry Reynolds, A History of Tasmania, Sydney: Cambridge Uni, 2012: 52

25 Constance Petrie, Tom Petrie’s Reminiscences of Early Queensland Brisbane: Watson, Ferguson & Co.1904: 138.

26 H Russell, The Genesis of Queensland, Sydney: Turner & Henderson, 1888, 279-280

27 A Laurie, 'The Black War in Queensland, ' Royal HIstorical Society of Qld Journal Vol.1: No.1, September 1959, 157

28 The population in 1845 stood at 890. By 1855 this had increased to over 2,000.

29 James G Lergessner, Death Pudding: The Kilcoy Massacre Kippa Ring: James Lergessner, 2007, 203.

30 James Bracewell, ‘Statement of Bracewell & Davis as to the Supposed Administration of Poison to Some Blacks by White Men,’ in Simpson Letterbook, ed Gerry Langevad, ‘Some Original Views around Kilcoy, Queensland Ethnohistory Transcripts Bk 1:The Aboriginal Perspective Vol1:1,1982, p. 5

31 A Petrie, ‘Adventures in the Early Days of Brisbane,’ The Courier, 10 April 1863, p. 3

32 H Russell, The Genesis of Queensland, 279-280

33 The Bunya Mountains, The Queenslander 21 May 1892, 987.

34 Karl W E Schmidt, Report of an Expedition to the Bunya Mountains in Search of a Suitable Site for a Mission Station, p.5,Acc 3522/71 in Box 7072, JOL.

35 Black and White Tragedies of Early Queensland, The World’sNews,22November 1933, p. 13.

36 Dalaipi in Petrie, 1904: 183-184.

37 Gerry Langevad, The Kilcoy Massacre: An Ethnohistorical Exercise B.A. (Hons.) Thesis - University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 1980 Gerry Langavad; See also John MacKenzie-Smith, ‘The Kilcoy Massacre’, Queensland Historical Journal Vol.20: 11, August 2009, 593-605

34 Karl W E Schmidt, Report of an Expedition to the Bunya Mountains in Search of a Suitable Site for a Mission Station, p.5,Acc 3522/71 in Box 7072, JOL.

35 Black and White Tragedies of Early Queensland, The World’sNews,22November 1933, p. 13.

36 Dalaipi in Petrie, 1904: 183-184.

37 Gerry Langevad, The Kilcoy Massacre: An Ethnohistorical Exercise B.A. (Hons.) Thesis - University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 1980 Gerry Langavad; See also John MacKenzie-Smith, ‘The Kilcoy Massacre’, Queensland Historical Journal Vol.20: 11, August 2009, 593-605

43 A Record in Black and White: Conquest of the Wilderness, The Brisbane Courier, 15September 1923, p. 19.

44 Early Brisbane in the Fifties and Sixties – an Interesting Reminiscence, The Brisbane Courier 18 January 1919 p 12 

45 Early Brisbane in the Fifties and Sixties, p 12 

46 Moreton Bay, Sydney Morning Herald, 10 September 1844, p.4.

47 The First Settlers, Queensland Times (Ipswich) 21 April 1944 Edition (daily), p 5

49 To the Editor of the Moreton Bay Courier. The Moreton Bay Courier 2 December 1848 p 2

50 Colonial News Moreton Bay Wanton Outrage by the Aborigines, Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal 31 December 1853 p2; To the Editor of the Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald 30 November 1857 p 8.

51 Cracow -The First Owner The Central Queensland Herald (Rockhampton,17 November 1932 p 31

52 Rod Fisher, The Brisbane Scene in 1842, in Rod Fisher & Jennifer Harrison, Brisbane: Squatters, Settlers and Surveyors Bris History Group Papers No 16 2000 Brisbane, 19

53 Leon Sattherswait, Ipswich Heritage Study ed. Vol. 1 Final Report Ipswich Heritage Consultancy Team & Uni of Qld Archaeological Services Unit 1992 Rept No 200, Vol.2-8.

54 Hector Holthouse, Gympie Gold Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1973

55 A.J.B. , Beseiged – A Legend of Cootharaba,.The Queenslander 6 December 1919, p.5

56 Domestic Intelligence Ipswich The Moreton Bay Courier 23 August 1851 p 2

57 Nut Quad The Contemplation of Contrasts, The Brisbane Courier 8 July 1911 p

58 Domestic Intelligence Ipswich, The Moreton Bay Courier 23 August 1851 p 2

59 German Station from 1838 Old Memories, The Queenslander 10 January 1925 p 11

60 “Wyampa”  The Genesis of Bald Hills, Courier Mail 12 May 1934 p10

61 “Wyampa”1934 p10

62 Anon, Early Brisbane History Vol. 1, Zillmere Local Studies mss, n/d p. 20.

63 Flashback to Queensland’s Pioneering Days - A black peered in while the bread was setting The Courier-Mail 2 April 1949 p 2

64 Rosa Campbell-Praed, My Australian Girlhood: sketches and impressions of bush life 1902 (here as "Extract autobiography" in The Penguin Anthology of Australian Women's Writing, Penguin Australia 1988), 352

65 Thomas J. M'Mahon, Cash’s Crossing – Picturesque Dairying Area, The Brisbane Courier 5 April 1930, p.11.

66 Nut Quad The Contemplation of Contrasts,.The Brisbane Courier 8 July 1911 p 13

67 Rod Fisher, ‘The Brisbane Scene in 1842’ in Fisher, 2000, Brisbane: Squatters, Settlers and Surveyors,19

68 Early Brisbane in the Fifties and Sixties – an Interesting Reminiscence, Brisbane Courier 18 January 1919: 12.

69 Woman’s World. Gold Wedding.The Brisbane Courier 6 February 1919 p 11

70 When Woolloongabba was Wattle Scented – Old Pioneers and Predatory Blacks, The Brisbane Courier 18 June 1921 p 16

71 ‘Nut Quad’ Depredations of the Fifties, The Brisbane Courier 8 July 1911 p

72 ‘Battler,’ Early Fights-Blacks and Whites Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 13

73 For example, see Reviewer, The Genesis of Queensland, The Queenslader, 14 January 1888, p.51.

74 Malcolm Prentis, 1975, A Study in Black and White: The Aborigines in Australian History, Metheun Australia Sydney p 27

75 Dennis, P., Heffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior, John Connor, 1995 ‘Aboriginal Armed Resistance to White Invasion’, The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History Melbourne: Oxford Uni, 11

76 Ray Evans ,2008, ‘On the Utmost Verge: Race and Ethnic Relations at Moretón Bay, 1799-1842,’ Queensland Review Vol.15:1, 14

77 Eckley Wilton, ‘Guerrilla Warfare’ in John Powell, ed., Magill’s Guide to Military History Vol 2 Corunna-Janissaries Salem Pasadena 2001, 636f

78 Jeffrey Grey, ‘The Military and the Frontier, 1788-1901,’ in Jeffrey Grey, A Military History of Australia Cambridge University 1999: 25

79 Jeffrey Grey, The Military and the Frontier, 1788-1901: 31

80 Keith Windshuttle, Guerrilla Warrior and Resistance Fighter? The Career of Musquito, Labour History No. 87 (Nov. 2004):129.

81 Windschuttle 2004, Guerrilla Warrior and Resistance Fighter? 221

82 Windshuttle 2004: 129-130.

83 Keith Windschuttle, 2003, Doctored evidence and invented incidents in Aboriginal historiography Bian Attwood & SJ Foster, Frontier Conflict – The Australian Experience (Canberra National Museum of Australia 2003) 13

84 Henry Reynolds, Forgotten War (Uni of NSW 2013) 53-4

85 Jonathan Richards, 2008, The Secret War: A True History of Queensland’s Native Police, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press

86 Evans, R & Bill Thorpe, 2001, Raymond Evans and Bill Thorpe, ‘Indigenocide and the Massacre of Aboriginal History,’ Overland 193: 21-39; See also Timonthy Bottoms, Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland’s Frontier Killing Times London: Allen & Unwin , 2013

87 Eckley Wilton, ‘Guerrilla Warfare ,’ in John Powell, Magill’s Guide to Military History Vol 2 Corunna-Janissaries Salem Pasadena 2001, 637

88 For instance, ‘Old Moppy’ is said to have hung onto a sapling and waved his tribe to continue fighting despite being mortally wounded. William Clark, Explorer Walker – Organiser and First Commandant of the Native Police,. The Brisbane Courier 28 December 1912 p 10

89 Stephen Sheaffe, Dundalli – resistance fighter or murder, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queenslnad Vol19:3, August 2005, 682, 697.

90 Denis Foley, 2007, ‘Leadership: the Quandary of Aboriginal Societies in Crisis 1780-1830, and 1966,’ Macfarlan, I & Mark Hannah, Transgressions: critical Australian Indigenous Histories, ANU Aboriginal History Monograph No.16, Parry, N., ‘Hanging no good for blackfellow: Looking into the life of Musquito, 2007, Macfarlan, I & Mark Hannah, eds, Transgressions: critical Australian Indigenous Histories, ANU Aboriginal History Monograph No.16,

91 Naomi Parry, ‘Many Deeds of Terror’ – Windshuttle and Mosquito, Labour History No. 85, Nov 2003, pp.207-212 (208) Lowe, D., 1994, Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians who Fought Back Sydney: ICS & Associates p 6,8,10,13,23

92 Patrick Collins, 2002, Goodbye Bussamarai: The Manandanji Land War, Southern Queensland 1842-1852 St Lucia: Uni of Qld, 25

93 Davis in Lergessner 2007, Death Pudding, 216-7.

94 Domestic Intelligence- the Paris Exhibition,The Moreton Bay Courier 6 January 1855 p 2

95 The Native Police, Geelong Advertiser and Intelligencer 23 September 1854 Edition: DAILY. p 5

96 Dundalli – Local Misgovernment, The Moreton Bay Courier 28 October 1854 p 2

97 J J Knight, In the Early Days, The Brisbane Courier 10 November 1892 p 2 

98 J J Knight, In the Early Days, The Brisbane Courier 10 November 1892 p 2 

99 Lowe, 1994, Forgotten Rebels, 13

100 David Kilcullen, 2009 The Accidental Guerrilla: Fighting Small Wars in the Midst of a Big One Oxford University Press 30-2

101 Denis Foley, 2007, 179, 184

102 Lowe, D., 1994, Forgotten Rebels:p. 11

103 Berndt, R M & C H Berndt, The Speaking Land: Mythology and Story in Aboriginal Australia Penguin Ringwood 1989, 215-216

104 E Jones 1989, The Story of the Falling Star Aboriginal Studies Canberra 10-11.

105 See Reynolds, 1982 The Other Side of the Frontier 152.

106 Floods and Droughts.The Western Champion and General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts (Barcaldine)14 March 1893 p 3

107 Alex Bond, 2009, The Statesman, The Warrior and the Songman Nambour: Alex Bond, p.10;

108 Alex Bond, 2009,.10;

109 J J Knight, Sketcher: In the Early Days – XI. The Birth and Growth of Brisbane and Environs. Bold Speculators, The Queenslander 27 February 1892 p 402 

110 Thomas Welsby, 1967, ed A K Thomson, The Collected Works of Thomas Welsby Vo l2 Jacaranda Brisbane 383,

111 Malcolm Prentis, 1975, A Study in Black and White, p 27

112 Dennis,, ‘Aboriginal Armed Resistance to White Invasion’, 3.

113 Richard Broome, Victoria in Ann McGrath, ed, Contested Ground: Australian Aborigines under the British Crown St Leonards Allen & Unwin 1995 127-8

114 Rout M Utley, The Indian Frontier of the American West 1846-1890 Uni of New Mexico 1984, 78

115 Chris McNab The Native American Warrior 1500-1890 London: Amber 2010, 175f

116 Moreton Bay Burnett District, Freeman's Journal (Sydney)  29 April 1852 p 11

117 Richard R Ware, Bucca Bucca (The Sketcher), Queenslander 5 Dec 1908 p 62

118 Moreton Bay Courier, 26th February 1848, Vol.2: No. 6, 89; .Moreton Bay, The Sydney Morning Herald 8 November 1844 p 2

119 See Ray Evans, 2002, ‘Against the Grain: Colonialism and the Demise of the Bunya Gatherings, 1839-1939,’ Queensland Review No.9:2, Nov 2002, 64.

120 Fifty Years Ago; Catarrhed Sheep, The Brisbane Courier 2 June 1906 p 12

121 Moreton Bay. Northern Times 29 May 1858 p 4 

122 Dr Simpson – Davies Minutes & Evidence to the Select Committee into the Native Police Force, Qld Legislative Assembly 1861 in Langevad, Some Original Views Around Kilcoy: 12

123 Proposed Removal of Military Protection from Moreton Bay,The Moreton Bay Courier, 22 June 1850 p 2

124 The Rising of 1842-4, p 3

125 MacKenzie-Scott, ‘The Kilcoy Massacre’, 2009, 598.

126 William Clark, Explorer Walker – Organiser and First Commandant of the Native Police, The Brisbane Courier 28 December 1912 p 10 See also: Paper Yabber and Bush Telegraph - Aborigines as Friends—and Foes The Sydney Morning Herald 4 April 1942 p 7.

127 Early Days – Abos Fearsome and Resentful but Brave and Kindly,The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser 3 June 1932 p 3

128 William Clark, Explorer Walker, 1912 p 10

129 William Clark, Explorer Walker, 1912 p 10

130 Campbell, 1936:19.

131 ‘History repeats itself,’ The Queenslander, 6 Ap 1901, p 33J C Bennie, ‘The Bunya Mountains – Early Feasting Ground of the Blacks, The Dalby Herald, 1931, p 2

132 Jones,Ochre and Rust, p.99.

133 To the Editor of the Sydney Morning Herald. The Sydney Morning Herald 30 November 1857 p 8;

134 William Clark, Explorer Walker, 1912 p 10

135 William Clark, Explorer Walker, 1912 p 10

136 William Clark, Explorer Walker, 1912 p 10

137 J C Bennie, ‘The Bunya Mountains – Early Feasting Ground of the Blacks, 1931, p 2

138 Johnpeter Horst Grill, ‘Military intelligence’ in John Powell, Magill’s Guide to Military History Vol 2: 742

139 Reynolds, History of Tasmania, 54

140 Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier, 105

141 Bartley, Australian Pioneers and Reminiscences, 206

142 Domestic Intelligence Ipswich, The Moreton Bay Courier 23 August 1851 p 2

143 Random Rhymes.The Moreton Bay Courier 24 February 1855 p 4 

144 Collins 2002: 25

145 Domesic Intellligence Ipswich, 23 August 1851 p 2

146 To the Editor of the Moreton Bay Courier. The Moreton Bay Courier 2 December 1848 p 2

147 Dennis, et al,, ‘Aboriginal Armed Resistance to White Invasion’, 5.

148 Petrie, 1904: 44-48, 160-164

149 Coulthard-Clark, C., 1998, Where Australians Fought: The Encyclopedia of Australia’s Battles St Leonards: Allen & Unwin, 17-19

150 Henry Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier, Penguin 1982, 102

151 J E Murphy & E W Easton, Wilderness to Wealth 1950 (NLA) 30-1

152 Moreton Bay Burnett Region. Freeman's Journal (Sydney,)  29 April 1852 p 11

153 Domestic Intelligence Ipswich, 23 August 1851 p 2

154 Collins, P., 2002, Goodbye Bussamarai: The Manandanji Land War, Southern Queensland 1842-1852 St Lucia: Uni of Qld, 25.

155 Simpson – Davies Minutes & Evidence to the Select Committee into the Native Police Force, Qld Legislative Assembly 1861 in Langevad, Some Original Views Around Kilcoy: 12

156 ‘BATTLER,’ 13 February 1938 p 40  

157 T A Darragh & Roderick J Fensham (eds), The Leichhardt diaries Early Travels in Australia during 1842-1844, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Culture Vol 7 (1) Brisbane 2013, 3

158 Bill Thorpe (1995), Frontiers of Discourse; Assessing Revisionist Australian Colonial Contact Historiography, Journal of Australian Studies, 46, pp. 34 – 45

159 Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier1982 105 ; Connor 2002: 3

160 Nehemiah Bartley Australian Pioneers and Reminiscences, 1896, 167

158 Bill Thorpe (1995), Frontiers of Discourse; Assessing Revisionist Australian Colonial Contact Historiography, Journal of Australian Studies, 46, pp. 34 – 45

159 Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier1982 105 ; Connor 2002: 3

160 Nehemiah Bartley Australian Pioneers and Reminiscences, 1896, 167

164 To the Editor of the Moreton Bay Courier, The Moreton Bay Courier 17 October 1857 p 3; see also Brisbane Courier, 8 November 1932, 15

165 M. B. Fine Press. Moreton Bay,. Colonial Times (Hobart,) 20 April 1852; Moreton Bay. The Sydney Morning Herald 10 September 1844 p 4

166 John Connor The Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1838 UNSW Sydney 2002, 88

167 Geoffrey Dutton, The Squatters, Ringwood: Viking O'Neal 1985 pp.20-21.

168 ‘The Strongholds of the Aborigines,’ Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal , 20 September 1851 p 7

169 Summary of News – Domestic and Foreign, The Moreton Bay Courier 10 June 1848 p 2 

170 John Connor 2002, 41

171 Jan Critchett, ‘Encounters I the Western District,’ in Brian Attwood & SJ Foster, Frontier Conflict – The Australian Experience: 55

172 Connor 2002: 109

173 Sydney Herald 14 June 1840 in Geoffrey Bloomfield, Baal Bellbora: The End of the Dancing, 1981, 32

174 To the Editor of the Moreton Bay Courier. The Moreton Bay Courier 2 December 1848 p 2

175 Steve Behnke, 2010?, The Savage Kaldadoons, http://www.gattonmurders.com/thekalkadoons.pdf, accessed30/6/2014

176 Libby Connors, pers. commun, 2013.

177 Reynolds, Other Side of the Frontier, 48, 105, 78, 127-8

178 Lowe, D., 1994, Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians who Fought Back Sydney: ICS & Associates, .7

179 John Connor 2002: 44

180 J. L. Kohen, 'Pemulwuy (1750–1802)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pemulwuy-13147/text23797, published in hardcopy 2005, accessed online 14 June 2014

181 Alex Bond, 2009,.10; Kerwin, D., 2010, Aboriginal heroes: episodes in the colonial landscape, Queensland Historical Atlas http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/aboriginal-heroes-episodes-colonial-la...

182 Libby Connors, 2005, ‘Indigenous resistance and traditional leadership: understanding and interpreting Dundalli’, Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, 19: 3, 701f.

183 Fred Buchstein, ‘Economic warfare’ in John Powell, Magill’s Guide to Military History 455-7

184 John Connor, The Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1838 UNSW Sydney 2002: 21

185 Reynolds, The Other Side of the Frontier, 113

186 Affray with Natives at Moreton Bay, The Australian 25 July 1827 p3 – see also John Steele’s Brisbane Town in Convict Days 1824-1842, Brisbane, University of Queensland Press 1975:70-71

187 News from the Interior – Moreton Bay, The Sydney Morning Herald 21 August 1847 p 3; Moreton Bay Fine Press. Moreteon Bay. Colonial Times (Hobart) 20 April 1852 p 2

188 P Turbet., The First Frontier: The Occupation of the Sydney Region Dural: Rosenberg, 2011, 95

189 Connor 2002: 40-2

190 Geoffrey Dutton, The Squatters, Ringwood: Viking O'Neal 1985

191 Bartley, 206; Moreton Bay. The Sydney Morning Herald 10 September 1844 p 4; Pine Rivers, The Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser  17 Jan 1849 p 4

192 Moreton Bay. Geelong Advertiser 29 August 1850 p 2

193 The History of the Moreton Bay Settlement.. The Brisbane Courier 23 December 1869 p

194 The Aborigines - Moreton Bay Sydney Morning Herald 23 February 1847, p 2

195 The Queenslander (Brisbane, Qld. : 1866 - 1939) Saturday 5 December 1925 p 10

196 Murderous Abos of Long Ago and white settlers’ savage reprisals, The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser 22 November 1935 p 2

197 Moreton Bay, Empire (Sydney, NSW : 1850 - 1875) Monday 5 April 1858 p 4

198 Jessie Hunt A Wayside Cemetery Where Pioneers Sleep The North Western Courier 4 September 1933 p 14

199 Coulthard-Clark, C., 1998, Where Australians Fought, 14

200 James G Lergessner, 2007, Death Pudding: The Kilcoy Massacre Kippa Ring: James Lergessner, 204.

201 Mary Guthrie "By the Pleasant Watercourses." The Brisbane Courier (19 March 1927 p 23

202 Moreton Bay. The Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston) 23 January 1847 p

203 Do you know your Brisbane – Mt Gravatt and Eight Miles Plains Sunday Mail 28 July 1929 p 23

204 Moreton Bay,. Empire (Sydney) 24 March 1851 p 2 

205 Murderous Abos of Long Ago, The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser 22 November 1935 p 2; The Early Days – Reminiscences of Charles Parce, The Capricornian (Rockhampton,) 4 November 1922 p 47

206 Geoffrey Dutton, The Squatters, Ringwood: Viking O'Neal 1985: 20-21

207 Lieutenant Colonel Robert M. Cassidy, ‘Winning the War of the Flea Lessons from Guerrilla Warfare,’ Military Review Sept-Oct 2004, 41-46

208 David Kilcullen, 2009 The Accidental Guerrilla: 30-2

209 The Wilderness Subdued – Pastoral Settlement. The Brisbane Courier 21 May 1901 p 13

210 Jennifer Hoff, 2010, Rev Ed., Bandjalung Jugun: Bandjalung Country Lismore: Richmond River Historical Society, 109

211 Jessie Hunt, A Wayside Cemetery Where Pioneers Sleep, The North Western Courier 4 September 1933 p 14

212 Mary Guthrie, "By the Pleasant Watercourses." The Brisbane Courier (Qld. : 1864 - 1933) Saturday 19 March 1927 p 23

213 Local Intelligence The Courier 5 Sept 1861 p 2

214 Moreton Bay,The Sydney Morning Herald 5 May 1847 p 3

215 Moreton Bay, Sydney Morning Herald 20 May 1856 p 5

216 Alex Bond, pers. commun., May 2009.

217 Murderous Abos of Long Ago. The Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser 22 November 1935 p 2

218 Moreton Bay. Empire (Sydney)  5 April 1858 p 4

219 Brisbane’s Surburban Beauties – A World of Fair Scenes described with Pen and Camera No XIV Windsor. The Brisbane Courier 13 October 1906 p 12

220 Dawson Valley History,Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton) 11 November 1947 p 8 

221 A Working Man,. Police Protection Wanted. Brisbane Courier, 7 May 1878r3

222 Grace Karskens 2011, Red coat, blue jacket, black skin: Aboriginal men and clothing in early New South Wales, Aboriginal History Vol 35 (ANU)

223 Lowe, D., 1994, Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians who Fought Back Sydney: ICS & Associates p. 8

224 Petrie 1904: 169.

225 Dennis, P., Heffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior, John Connor, 1995 ‘Aboriginal Armed Resistance to White Invasion’, The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History Melbourne: Oxford Uni 5

226 For example, John Campbell, The Early Settlement of Queensland; 1936: 20, 'Battler,'   Early Fights—Blacks and Whites Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 13 February

227 Domestic Intelligence Ipswich ,23 August 1851 p 2

223 Lowe, D., 1994, Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians who Fought Back Sydney: ICS & Associates p. 8

224 Petrie 1904: 169.

225 Dennis, P., Heffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior, John Connor, 1995 ‘Aboriginal Armed Resistance to White Invasion’, The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History Melbourne: Oxford Uni 5

226 For example, John Campbell, The Early Settlement of Queensland; 1936: 20, 'Battler,'   Early Fights—Blacks and Whites Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 13 February

227 Domestic Intelligence Ipswich ,23 August 1851 p 2

238 Blomfeld, 1981: 34

239 Harrison, R., 2002, Australia's Iron Age: Aboriginal post-contact metal artefacts from Old Lamboo Station, Southeast Kimberley, Western Australia, Australasian Historical Archaeology Vol. 20, pp. 67-76

240 Philip Jones , 2007 Ochre and rust: artefacts and encounters on Australian frontiers Kent Town: Wakefield

241 Campbell 1936: 20

242 William Clark, Aboriginal Ceremonies – the Bora Grounds. The Queenslander 9 Dec 1916 Q p 8

243 Ryan 1981:, 115

244 Domestic Intelligence Ipswich ,23 August 1851 p 2

245 Ryan 1981, 103

246 Crawow The First Owner The Central Queensland Herald (Rockhampton,17 November 1932 p 31

Published with the permission of the Author